O’Rourke and Snider present several improvements to a numerical model introduced by O’Rourke et al. (2009) for collisional exchange and damping in dense particle flows.
Based on fluidized bed experiments at varying fines concentration, bed heights and bed internals location, the dominant mechanism for clusters in the freeboard appears to be cluster formation in the bed.
This paper by Ray Cocco, S. B. Reddy Karri, Yeook Arrington, Roy Hays, John G. Findlay, and Ted Knowlton of PSRI discusses the simulation-informed development of a conical jet cup device that allows all of the sample particles to experience similar solids stresses.
This paper by Particulate Solid Research, Inc (PSRI) discusses jet cup attrition testing, and how CFD such as Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be used to improve jet cup design.
Cyclone diplegs play a major role in the functioning of fluidized beds. Previous studies. This report discusses tests conducted to demonstrate that cyclone diplegs can flood when discharging into a bed with gas bypassing.
Clustering of particles in granular-fluid systems has been known to exist for some time. Wilhelm and Kwauk were among the first to show evidence of particle clustering in fluidized beds with others following suit with similar experiments.
Tests were conducted in 0.6-m and 0.9-m-diameter units to determine the effect of imposed solids flux and system pressure on gas bypassing in deep beds of FCC catalyst particles.