Particle attrition is usually a detriment to product quality and process cost. This paper discusses the development of a jet cup device that allows all of the sample particles to experience similar amounts of solids stresses.
Various types of internals have traditionally been used to improve fluidization quality. Some recent studies have shown that under some conditions there can be severe gas mal-distribution of gas in deep fluidized beds of Geldart group A materials.
Non-mechanical valves, especially the L-valves, have been used extensively in fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds for solids recycling or to serve as a pressure seal. This paper presents a set of L-valve equations which relate the solids flow rate to the L-valve design, aeration rate, and pressure drop across the L-valve.