In order to analyze the effects that maldistribution of gas can have on FCC regenerator performance, researchers from China University of Petroleum conducted simulations using Barracuda Virtual Reactor.
This paper discusses how impurities can effect chemical reactions in fluidized beds, and in doing so highlights Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s ability to accurately model multiphase chemistry.
This study outlines how Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be utilized to optimize models of fluidized bed reactors by manipulating simulation parameters and simulation geometry.
This paper shows how Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be used to validate mathematical analysis and verify expected relationships between parameters and results.
In this paper, researchers use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to extend existing isothermal research work and now model the thermal profile of an industrial fluidized bed reactor
In this paper, researchers use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to help determine preliminary parameters and dimensions for an industrial scale fluidized bed reactor
This paper demonstrates how Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be used to research yet unexplored applications of fluidization technology, such as industrial scale chlorination of aluminum oxide via a fluidized bed reactor,
This paper by researchers at Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid demonstrates Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s ability to accurately model bubbling behavior in fluidized beds by comparing simulations to experimental data
This paper shows how Barracuda Virtual reactor can be used to effectively model, validate, and optimize Entrained Flow (EF) gasification Reactors
In this paper, Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used to verify the results of a continuous FBCVD (fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition) process
This paper illustrates the advantages of using Barracuda Virtual Reactor, which is based on an MP-PIC method, over two-fluid models in simulating heat transfer mechanics
In this paper, researchers use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to study the gas-solid flow of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Units at variable load
In this paper, CFD modeling using Barracuda Virtual Reactor is employed to diagnose the causes of afterburn in an RFCC unit.
Researchers use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to validate experimental findings of fluidized beds with Geldart A particles
Numerical simulations in Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used to verify evaporation efficiency and ensure that wastewater from flue gas desulfurization is properly treated
In this study, machine learning was employed to elucidate the kinetics of olefins production from the direct cracking of crude oil feedstock in a dual-downer high severity fluidized bed system.
This paper analyzes and summarizes the fundamentals of CFD simulations of fluid-particle systems, specifically of fluidized beds.
Numerical granular-fluid simulations of high loaded cyclones with a concentric and with an eccentric vortex finder are performed using Barracuda Virtual Reactor to better understand their hydrodynamics.
This paper illustrates Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s ability to simulate a cold-flow model of a dual-fluidized bed (DFB).
This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the numerical method used by Barracuda Virtual Reactor – the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method, which allows a detailed simulation of even large-scale units with affordable computational efforts.
This thesis by Christopher McIntyre from the University of Ottawa explores the use of CPFD modeling related to pressurized chemical looping combustion.
In this paper, researchers demonstrate Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s ability to accurately model the relationship between particle size distributions and the hydrodynamics of pneumatic conveying systems by comparing simulation results to experimental data.
This joint paper by the China University of Petroleum and SINOPEC is part two in a two part series on the effects of internals on FCC regenerator performance.
This paper demonstrates Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s capability to model irradiated fluidized beds using a P-1 radiation model
For this study, researchers used CFD methods to perform a multivariable analysis of a dual fluidized bed
This joint paper by the China University of Petroleum, SINOPEC, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is part one in a two part series on the effects of internals on FCC regenerator performance.
In this paper, Barracuda is used to analyze how different particle species behave in a fully integrated regenerative calcium looping (FICaL) system
NO emissions from two in–line cement calciners operating with petcoke and coal, respectively, are predicted through CPFD simulation and compared with operational data.
This study by Cesar Medina-Pedraza and Hugo de Lasa of the University of Western Ontario reports a numerical hybrid cluster CPFD simulation of a downer reactor unit.
This article by engineers at TechnipFMC Process Technology and Suncor Energy, discusses an FCC regenerator revamp at the Suncor Edmonton refinery, aimed to incorporate advanced design features to mitigate operational challenges and improve reliability.
Virtual Reactor simulations were used to evaluate the re-design and reconfiguration of a dual-fluidized bed (DFB) gasification system into a recirculating pyrolysis reactor, by researchers at NREL, UCSD, and West Biofuels, LLC.
This paper by Raj Singh, Paul Marchant, and Steve Shimoda at TechnipFMC discusses how to use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to improve spent catalyst distribution in FCC regenerators.
This simulation study the University of Western Ontario demonstrates the scalability of chemical looping combustion (CLC) to achieve efficient capture of biomass-derived CO2.
Application of a newly designed spent catalyst distributor improves spent catalyst distribution, coke combustion and bed temperatures in the FCC in this article by Raj Singh, Paul Marchant and Steve Shimoda of TechnipFMC Process Technology.
This publication by SABIC provides insights into improving fluidization behavior by way of a systematic approach to determine the underlying root causes of issues in a commercial dehydrogenation reactor.
Surprises are not always a good thing, especially during plant turnarounds. This article, from the September 2019 issue of Hydrocarbon Engineering, discusses how simulations can be a critical turnaround risk reduction tool.
In this paper, researchers used Barracuda Virtual Reactor to optimize the coal feed locations for a dual circulating fluidized bed reactor for chemical looping combustion.
Nakhaei, Wu, Grévain, Jensen, Glarborg, and Dam–Johansen present CPFD simulations for petcoke and solid recovered fuel (SRF) co–firing in a full–scale cement calciner.
The article, featured in the April 2019 issue of Hydrocarbon Engineering, examines the role of simulation in the digital transformation of modern refineries.
This paper from the University of Western Ontario includes Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulation of the catalytic propane oxidative dehydrogenation (PODH) process in a circulating fluidized bed downer reactor.
Researchers from BYU utilized CPFD to present a novel analysis of woody biomass and coal particle mixing inside a classifier.
Researchers from NETL use Barracuda simulation and ECVT data to explore suitability of different modeling techniques to capture effects of a perforated distributor plate.
This paper from ENEA, includes Virtual Reactor simulation of the bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) upstream gasifier of the ZECOMIX EU research project.
This article, coauthored by engineers Viva Energy Australia and CPFD Software, outlines how Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulations were used to address a problem that impacted overall refinery economics by tens of thousands of dollars per day.
This paper is focused on how simulation is used as a tool for knowledge management of lessons learned from current and historical FCCU operations.
In this paper, researchers in Poland used CFD software, including Barracuda Virtual Reactor, to predict syngas composition when carbon dioxide is added to the gasifying agent.
The study presents profile measurements and Barracuda simulations of gas emissions, temperature and pressure in a CFBC test rig firing two different bituminous coals.
Researchers in Korea use the MP-PIC method to analyze the effect of various operating parameters on the yield distribution of fast pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor.
In this study by Barracuda Virtual Reactor distributor Adlan Omer alongside Martin Weng, the effect of air distribution from a nozzle grid on the combustion of a CFBC riser is assessed.
CPFD and PSRI co-authored this presentation from the 2017 AIChE Annual Meeting, which highlights Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulation results of a large cold-flow FCC stripper experiment.
This paper presents a CPFD model for solid waste and biomass particle combustion in a circulating fluidized bed.
This paper compares the results of a two-fluid model (TFM) of a fluidized bed to other CFD methods, including Barracuda Virtual Reactor.
In this paper, a model developed using Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used to quantify the relationship between the flow hydrodynamics and the chemical reactions in multiphase flow-reaction systems.
Virtual Reactor simulation of a biomass pyrolysis reactor, by Kokourine and Adham at Hatch, verifies that plug-flow with internal-recirculation (PFIR) can be achieved under reasonable operating conditions.
The simulation results in this paper show the numerous modeling capabilities of the MP-PIC approach to identify possible performance and reliability issues of an industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) regenerator..
A cold flow model of an 8 MW dual fluidized bed (DFB) system is simulated using Barracuda Virtual Reactor, and then the effect of the chosen drag law on the hydrodynamics is analyzed.
In this paper, Barracuda Virtua Reactor was used to help disprove the notion that probes do not affect the data collected in circulating fluidized bed risers and prove that intrusive probe measurements consistently mispredict the behavior of the system.
Computational particle-fluid dynamics (CPFD) simulation was carried out to examine the influence of air versus O2/CO2 as the fluidizing gas on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow in a cold-mode circulating fluidized bed.
The MP-PIC method upon which Barracuda Virtual Reactor is based is used to simulate riser hydrodynamics of an FCC process
CPFD Software researches how to make FCC processes more economically efficient, using Barracuda Virtual Reactor to identify and diagnose issues with emissions and with afterburn.
Kodam, Freireich, Pretz, and Stears from Dow discuss how Barracuda Virtual Reactor has been used to investigate riser termination device performance for separating catalyst particles from the gas phase.
This paper examines how CPFD simulation is used to improve overall FCCU economics.
The bed-to-wall heat transfer of a bubbling fluidized bed is simulated and analyzed using Barracuda Virtual Reactor.
Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used to simulate a scaled-up down flow reactor and to analyze the effects of changing gas velocity and solid mass flux on the cluster behavior.
This study by researchers at the University College of Southeast Norway and Tel-Tek investigates the applicability of the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method for predicting pneumatic conveying characteristics.
In this study by Bioenergy 2020+ and the Technical University of Vienna, an industrial-sized dual fluidized bed biomass gasification system was simulated with Barracuda Virtual Reactor and compared with plant data.
Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used in conjunction with a coke combustion kinetic model to evaluate and optimize regenerator hydrodynamics in order to increase product yield.
In this paper, researchers from Inaeris and CPFD Software validated results from Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulations using cold-flow experiments of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) fluidized beds.
In this work by Liu, Cattolica, and Seiser from UCSD, a three-dimensional model was established to simulate the hydrodynamics of a dual fluidized-bed gasification system.
In this paper, results from a CFD study of an FCC regenerator are used to recommend hardware and operational modifications, which are subsequently modeled using CFD to quantify their benefits.
This paper looks at how a team including Peccatiello Engineering, Emtrol-Buell Technologies, and CPFD came together to solve an exceptionally challenging case of FCC regenerator maldistribution.
This paper, first presented at the 2016 AFPM Annual Meeting, provides an overview of general and localized afterburn, and discusses techniques for effective troubleshooting.
In this study by the University of Utah, Barracuda simulations for a chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling system compared well with literature and data.
In this work researchers from SABIC and CPFD investigate the dynamic behavior of a commercial fluidized bed LLDPE reactor and compare with plant data.
Researchers at KiOR LLC working with CPFD Software staff use Barracuda Virtual Reactor to develop a Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) technology that emulates the FCC process.
A model using the MP-PIC method was developed to simulate a pilot-scale dual fluidized-bed biomass gasification system and was validated by experimental results; it was then used to investigate the impact of various changes on the producer gas composition.
In this paper, a hybrid model of a gas-solid fluidized bed unit is developed using Barracuda Virtual Reactor and then is validated by experimental data.
The hydrodynamics of FCC particles in a bubbling fluidized bed are predicted by both Barracuda Virtual Reactor and by a CFD model, and their results were compared.
In this paper, three cases of Barracuda Virtual Reactor models were established to validate three speculations on wear mechanisms; the simulated locations with the highest wear magnitudes are agreeable with the wear accidents reported in industry.
This paper demonstrates that Barracuda Virtual Reactor’s MP-PIC method is a reliable tool for modelling bubbling fluidized bed behavior of non-cohesive particles.
Multiphase flow simulations created using Barracuda Virtual Reactor are used to compare with experimental data for determining minimum fluidization velocity for four different sizes of particles.
Fluidized beds are susceptible to such problems as bed slugging, loss of fines, and gas bypassing. This article explains how to avoid these pitfalls.
This paper presents a constitutive equation for the thermal heat transfer associated by mass transfer, applicable to both Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian multiphase computational fluid dynamic models.
This study by researchers from the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification investigated the applicability of the CPFD) numerical scheme for simulating flows in a 3-D hopper.
Bigda, from the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal (IChPW), Poland, presents CPFD numerical studies of the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow and the drying process using Barracuda Virtual Reactor.
In this paper a CPFD model for dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) systems was developed, validated against lab-scale data, and applied to an industrial-scale unit.
In this paper presented at CFB-11, a team from Babcok & Wilcox Power Generation Group report on Barracuda simulations of a large capacity, pantleg CFB boiler.
To demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of Barracuda Virtual Reactor, a model of a pseudo-2D fluidized bed created using it is compared to a two-fluid model (TFM).
A novel solids separator for a chemical looping reactor was designed at NETL using Barracuda Virtual Reactor, and the final as-built separator performed well.
A novel Eulerian–Lagrangian approach based on the multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) methodology was applied in the simulation of the hydrodynamic behavior of pressurized high-flux circulating fluidized beds (DHFCFBs), and the sensitivities of key models and modeling parameters on the predictions were tested systematically.
This paper demonstrates that Barracuda Virtual Reactor is well suited for simulating dense particle laden fluids present in steam gasification systems due to its numerical solving methods for both the particles and the fluid.
O’Rourke and Snider present a new contact force model where individual particle accelerations are a blend between the particle acceleration of the original MP-PIC method, appropriate for rapid granular flows, and an average particle acceleration that applies to closely packed granular flows.
In this paper a CPFD model is combined with ECT measurements to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior in a CFB boiler with six cyclones.
In this study by Loha, Chattopadhyay, and Chatterjee, simulated gas compositions are found to be in good agreement with experimental data for a bubbling fluidized bed biomass gasifier.
Dr. James Parker of CPFD Software demonstrates how Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be used to develop a full three-dimensional model of a chemical looping combustion system and simulate the particle–fluid hydrodynamics, thermal characteristics, and reaction efficiency.
Four models created using Barracuda Virtual Rector are compared with results from an Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) sensor and from high speed pressure measurements.
Barracuda Virtual Reactor was used to simulate the gas solid flow characteristics in a circulating fluidized bed with a loop seal, and the influences of operating parameters, including loop seal aeration rate (Ql), fluidized air velocity in the riser (Ur) and total bed inventory (Mp) on the solid circulation characteristics were investigated.
Barracuda Virtual Reactor was used to simulate the gas solid flow characteristics in a circulating fluidized bed with a loop seal, and the influences of operating parameters, including loop seal aeration rate (Ql), fluidized air velocity in the riser (Ur) and total bed inventory (Mp) on the solid circulation characteristics were investigated.
In this paper researchers from the National Energy Technology Laboratory report Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulation results for adsorber performance for a dry-sorbent carbon-capture process.
This paper illustrates that a bubble-based energy-minimization multiscale (EMMS) model can be applicable to a wide variety of flow regimes, ranging from bubbling, turbulent to fast fluidization.
The full set of scaling law derived by Glicksman allows the hydrodynamic scale-up of fluidized bed reactors, but a new scale-up approach is proposed and tested that helps to avoid the dilemma in the case of catalytic reactors, where changing the catalyst particle diameter during scale-up may have consequences for the catalyst activity, selectivity and deactivation behavior.
This paper illustrates how using CFD such as Barracuda Virtual Reactor in the development phase of fluidized beds can help avoid costly mistakes, reduce time requirements, and increase the quality of the resulting process.
Engineers from CPFD and MPC report on the use of Barracuda to perform virtual testing on potential redesigns of FCC reactor internals at MPC’s Catlettsburg Refinery.
In this paper, CPFD modeling is used to demonstrate the causes of back-mixing in circulating fluidized bed risers.
In this paper studying water-fluidized beds, Barracuda Virtual Reactor is used to simulate concentration profiles and is found to reasonably agree with experimental data.
In this paper by researchers in Korea, a CPFD model simulation was carried out to analyze flow patterns in order to understand the mechanism of deposit formation on the cyclone duct during the residue fluidized catalytic cracking (RFCC) process.
This paper illustrates the advantages of Barracuda Virtual Reactor in modeling a low temperature post-combustion carbon capture reactor when compared to Eulerian-Lagrangian (DDPM) methods or to Eulerian-Eulerian methods.
In this paper, Clark, Snider, and Spenik compare cold-flow experimental results with Barracuda simulation for a full-loop CFB experimental carbon capture unit constructed at the US DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL).
This paper describes the development and implementation of Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT), which can provide more detailed understanding of multiphase flow behavior inside a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) by offering a 3-D technique capable of visualizing the flow field in real-time.
This paper discusses how Barracuda Virtual Reactor was used to gain insights into potentially unexpected fluidization behaviors.
Researchers from China University of Petroleum use CPFD modeling to create a three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB).
Authors: Jong, J.F. de, T.Y.N. Dang, M. van Sint Annaland, and J.A.M. Kuipers. Source: This paper was published in Powder Technology. Abstract: Fluidized bed membrane reactors gain worldwide increasing interest…
Researchers in Canada use an early version of Barracuda Virtual Reactor to predict local solid densification and asymmetric “wavy flows” in downer reactors.
This study by researchers at the Hamburg University of Technology and Tsinghua University investigated the applicability of CPFD for simulating flows in CFB risers for Geldart group A and B particles for low and high solids fluxes.
Experimental operation of three fluidized bed processors is compared with CFD simulation results by Parker, Williams, and Thibault, CPFD Software, and LaMarche, Chen, and Stamato, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
In this paper, a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model has been developed to simulate the coal gasification in a fluidized bed gasifier using a multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method, and the formation of flow patterns, profiles of particle species and gas compositions, distributions of reaction rates and consumption of carbon mass were investigated under different operating conditions.
This paper demonstrates the advantages of the energy-minimization multiscale (EMMS) model compared to a conventional model for a full-loop industrial-scaled CFB boiler, including successfully predicting the pressure profile of the furnace.
This paper, by authors at CPFD Software and Biomasse Italia, describes the optimization of a CFB boiler in order to minimize erosion considering overall performance.
Researchers in China and in England developed a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate forestry residues gasification in a fluidized bed reactor using a Eulerian–Lagrangian approach; the model is in good agreement with experimental data.
Quantitative and qualitative predictions of layer inversion and binary component segregation at different liquid velocities and of chaotic circulation patterns for a glass bead-water fluidized bed were carried out by Barracuda Virtual Reactor and were shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
O’Rourke and Snider document a new method for including collisional return-to-isotropy in particle velocity distributions calculated by the MP-PIC method for numerical simulation of particle/fluid flows.
The objective of this paper is to show and discuss the applicability of optical probes to measure the bubble size and bubble rise velocity in fluidized beds.
This study describes the potential intrusive effects of CREC-GS-Optiprobes on the flow pattern in gas–solid downflow units by calculating granular flows and their interactions with the CREC-GS-Optiprobes using a CPFD (Computational Particle Fluid Dynamic) numerical scheme in three dimensions.
This paper by Kuochen Tsai, Ernesto Rafael Fonseca, Sujatha Degaleesan, and Ed Lake from Shell shows advances in the numerical simulation of proppant transport in hydraulically stimulated fractures for oil and gas production.
This paper investigates the capability of the Multiphase Particle in Cell (MP-PIC) approach for modeling a bubbling fluidized bed of Geldart A particles.
In order to create fast fluidized beds designed to maximize coal gasification yields and designed to provide an optimum syngas composition with minimum operational upsets, a comprehensive model for steam gasification is created using CPFD methods.
This article presents a Barracuda Virtual Reactor simulation of combusting gas and particle flow within the Duisburg 250 MW CFBC chamber.
In this paper, an early version of Barracuda Virtual Reactor was used to validate experimental data for an acrylonitrile fluidized bed reactor.
This paper by Sam Clark of CPFD Software illustrates a multiphase simulation of a commercial-scale fluidized catalytic cracking unit with complex internal geometries and how the computational model can be used to predict wear on internal structures.
This work shows the development of a three-optical fiber probe to study the behavior of the bubble in bubbling fluidized gas-solid beds.
In this work, James Parker presents a CPFD model compared with JPL data for the deposition rate, silicon fines production, and temperature distribution within a silane deposition reactor.
In this CPFD Software whitepaper by James Parker, a reactor using solid MGS particles fluidized by hydrogen chloride gas which reacts to form primarily TCS and hydrogen gas is discussed.
Snider, Clark and O’Rourke present an extension of the CPFD methodology to include an enthalpy equation that describes energy transport for fluid, and provides for transfer of sensible and chemical energy between phases and within the fluid mixture, with application to a fluidized bed coal gasifier.
O’Rourke and Snider present several improvements to a numerical model introduced by O’Rourke et al. (2009) for collisional exchange and damping in dense particle flows.
This paper by Ray Cocco, S. B. Reddy Karri, Yeook Arrington, Roy Hays, John G. Findlay, and Ted Knowlton of PSRI discusses the simulation-informed development of a conical jet cup device that allows all of the sample particles to experience similar solids stresses.
This paper by Particulate Solid Research, Inc (PSRI) discusses jet cup attrition testing, and how CFD such as Barracuda Virtual Reactor can be used to improve jet cup design.
In this paper, computational modeling of fluidized beds is used to predict the operation of biomass gasifiers after extensive validation with experimental data, and hydrodynamic results from the simulations were compared with X-ray flow visualization computed tomography studies of a similar bed.
This paper presents new capabilities and proof-testing of a collisional model previously presented in O’Rourke, Zhao, and Snider (2009) applied to liquid injection into a dense-phase fluidized bed.
Researchers from CPFD and Cristal Global present a solution of ozone decomposition in a bubbling bed using the CPFD numerical scheme. Results compared well with the experimental data reported by Fryer and Potter (1976).
This work presents a new methodology, based on the maximum entropy method, to obtain bubble characteristics in fluidized beds.
A new model is presented by O’Rourke, Zhao, and Snider for numerical simulations of collisional transfer of mass, momentum and energy in gas/liquid/solid fluidized beds.
Eulerian granular multiphase model with a drag coefficient correction based on the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model was used to simulate a semi-industry scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB).
This paper reports the first quantitative comparison of magnetic resonance (MR) and electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) on a 50 mm diameter gas-fluidized bed of silica−alumina catalyst support particles.
Snider, O’Rourke, and Zhao present a unified model for collisional exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between particles in gas/liquid/solid fluidized beds.
The development of the multi-phase flow algorithm MIPSA (Multi-InterPhase Slip-Algorithm) within a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code called CASCADE is summarized with its application to the modeling of lean phase circulating fluidized beds
This paper documents the development of electrical capacitance volume tomography.
In this paper by Dale M. Snider, granular flow of three granular flow experiments is predicted by a CPFD numerical scheme in three dimension using the true particle size distribution.
Extensive lattice-Boltzmann simulations were performed to obtain the drag force for random arrays of monodisperse and bidisperse spheres.
This paper demonstrates a correlation between in-bed pressure fluctuations and information about bubble size distribution for Geldart A and B powders.
The kinetic model in this paper is based on a molecular approach and is proposed to represent the cracking reactions of industrial feedstocks on a commercial equilibrium catalyst; given that it shows the importance of the condensation and hydrogen transfer reactions for coke formation and gasoline quality, it therefore can be used for modeling a commercial FCC riser.
This paper documents how the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach can be used to simulate simultaneous evaporation and cracking reactions occurring in FCC riser reactors.
The simulation results in this paper support the idea that the average drag coefficient is an important factor for the two-fluid model and suggest that the EMMS approach could be used as a kind of multiscale closure law for drag coefficient in areas where the Wen Yu-Ergun hybrid is insufficient.
This paper by researchers at Arena-Flow LLC and Sandia National Labs demonstrate early successes in the Eulerian-Lagrangian, MP-PIC method used by Barracuda Virtual Reactor in modeling three-dimensional flow in a gas-solid riser.
This paper demonstrates a way to validate the hydrodynamics of a system with image analysis techniques.
A 3-dimensional image reconstruction technique based on neural network multi-criterion optimization (NN-MOIRT) for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is developed for the first time.
This paper summarizes the effects airborne particles can have on erosion.
This paper uses digital image analysis of two-dimensional fluidized beds to establish a relationship between gas velocity and both bubble shape factor distribution and bubble aspect ratio distribution.
Examples showing the application of ‘Labasys® instruments’ in R&D and production monitoring are provided for illustration in this article.
This paper reviews existing image reconstruction algorithms for ECT, including linear back-projection, singular value decomposition, Tikhonov regularization, Newton–Raphson, iterative Tikhonov, the steepest descent method, Landweber iteration, the conjugate gradient method, algebraic reconstruction techniques, simultaneous iterative reconstruction techniques and model-based reconstruction.
In this paper, Dale Snider presents the MP-PIC method, the Eulerian-Lagrangian method upon which Barracuda Virtual Reactor is based, for dense particle flow.
Explicit equations are developed for the drag coefficient and for the terminal velocity of falling spherical and non-spherical particles.
In this paper, to investigate the effects of particle properties on these meso-scale structures, for all particle types, two-fluid modeling with and without consideration of meso-scale structures were performed and compared.
In this work, a selection of widely used correlations have been critically evaluated for estimating the drag coefficient of non-spherical particles in incompressible viscous fluids.
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Third Edition, by Octave Levenspiel, helps students learn how to answer reactor design questions reliably and effectively.
This paper by Dimitri Gidaspow is useful as a reference for engineers in industry and as an advanced level text for graduate engineering students.
Fluidization Engineering, Second Edition, by Kunii and Levenspiel, expands on its original scope to encompass these new areas and introduces reactor models specifically for these contacting regimes.
This report from Los Alamos National Lab (LANL) documents the KIVA-II computer program for the numerical calculation of transient, two- and three-dimensional, chemically reactive fluid flows with sprays.
This paper by Smagorinsky establishes some of the foundational equations for understanding particle-fluid physics.