Technical Attributes
FLUID-PARTICLE PHYSICS
- Full 3D implementation
- Continuum fluid (Eulerian)
- Unlimited number of compressible gaseous species
- Discrete particulate solids (Lagrangian)
- Unlimited number of particles (systems up to 1016 particles have been simulated)
- Unlimited number of particle species (e.g. sand, coal, catalyst, biomaterial, etc.)
- Complete resolution of the entire Particle Size Distribution (PSD) for each particle species
- Solids impaction with walls and internals, including surface erosion index
- Inter-particle stress & collision models
- Arbitrary multi-component particle composition (e.g., carbon, ash, sulfur, moisture, volatile gases)
- Full bi-direction coupling between the fluid and particles
- Fluid drags particles, particles displace fluids
- Wide variety of drag model implementations
- Models any solids loading (from dilute to dense-packed) simultaneously
THERMAL PHYSICS
- Fluid energy equation with full coupling to particles
- Discrete particle energy conservation
- Heat transfer including to walls (in lean and dense phase), inter-phase and radiation
- Heterogeneous heat of reaction affects both particle and fluid phases
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- Gas-gas (homogeneous) reactions
- Gas-particle (heterogeneous) reactions solved at the discrete particle-level
- Particles shrink, grow or change density due to reactions
- Solids-catalyzed reactions
- Wide range of functions for reaction rate formulation
- Release of arbitrary volatile gases from particles (e.g. H2, CO, tars, etc.)
NUMERICAL
- Time-transient with sophisticated, robust, automatic time-step control
- Fast running ‘solver’ that enables industrial-scale applications
- Numerically stable
- Physics-based models for accuracy