Technical Attributes

FLUID-PARTICLE PHYSICS

• Full 3D implementation
• Continuum fluid (Eulerian)
  • Unlimited number of compressible gaseous species
• Discrete particulate solids (Lagrangian)
  • Unlimited number of particles (systems up to 10¹⁶ particles have been simulated)
  • Unlimited number of particle species (e.g. sand, coal, catalyst, biomaterial, etc.)
  • Complete resolution of the entire Particle Size Distribution (PSD) for each particle species
  • Solids impaction with walls and internals, including surface erosion index
  • Inter-particle stress & collision models
• Arbitrary multi-component particle composition (e.g., carbon, ash, sulfur, moisture, volatile gases)
• Full bi-direction coupling between the fluid and particles
  • Fluid drags particles, particles displace fluids
  • Wide variety of drag model implementations
  • Models any solids loading (from dilute to dense-packed) simultaneously

THERMAL PHYSICS

• Fluid energy equation with full coupling to particles
• Discrete particle energy conservation
• Heat transfer including to walls (in lean and dense phase), inter-phase and radiation
• Heterogeneous heat of reaction affects both particle and fluid phases

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• Gas-gas (homogeneous) reactions
• Gas-particle (heterogeneous) reactions solved at the discrete particle-level
  • Particles shrink, grow or change density due to reactions
• Solids-catalyzed reactions
• Wide range of functions for reaction rate formulation
• Release of arbitrary volatile gases from particles (e.g. H2, CO, tars, etc.)

NUMERICAL

• Time-transient with sophisticated, robust, automatic time-step control
• Fast running ‘solver’ that enables industrial-scale applications
• Numerically stable
• Physics-based models for accuracy